Schizophrenia Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay

Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that affects the cognitive functions of an individual. The cause of this illness is unknown, but there are several theories of how an individual may acquire schizophrenia. Because there are many symptoms of the disease and because the symptoms can vary quite dramatically among several individuals and even within the same individual over time, the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be quite difficult. In the United States and Europe, schizophrenia occurs in about 3 to 6 of every 10,000 individuals. Schizophrenia occurs equally in males and females; however, the age of onset of the disease is different between the sexes. The primary age of onset in males occurs roughly between the ages of 15 and 25,†¦show more content†¦Since the social causation hypothesis is more narrow and only accounts for the assumption that schizophrenia results from stress (one hypothesis for the development of schizophrenia), the downward drift hypothesis seems to better explain the disproportionate numbers of schizophrenics in the lower socioeconomic classes. Moreover, a number of estimations have claimed that between one-third and two-thirds of homeless individuals have schizophrenia (1). However, the theory that social factors may produce the stressors that lead to schizophrenia does correlate with several key points. Epidemiological studies have shown that a higher proportion of schizophrenics are found in large cities, particularly in those cities with populations of over one million people, whereas smaller cities have virtually no incidence of schizophrenia. Also, the development of schizophrenia in children of a schizophrenic parent or parents appears to be twice as likely in those residing in large cities as compared to those in smaller communities. Moreover, schizophrenia occurs in a higher percentage of immigrants that move from a less industrialized area or nation to a more industrialized area or nation (1). However, other factors may be present that contribute to the disproportionate localization of schizophrenia in relation to geography which will be discussed later. The symptoms of schizophrenia are quite variable in type andShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia: Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay example2723 Words   |  11 PagesHISTORY EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL FEATURES COURSE PROGNOSIS DIAGNOSTIC TYPES ETIOLOGY NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES GENETICS DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OTHER NEUROTRANSM1TTER SYSTEMS TREATMENT Schizophrenia is sometimes considered the most devastating of the mental illnesses because its onset is early in a patient’s life, and its symptoms can be destructive to the patient and to the patient’s family and friends. Although schizophrenia is usually discussed as if it were a single disease, this diagnosticRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Unique Mental Disorder?1335 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Reference Series, schizophrenia affects 1.1% of the US population and the majority of those who suffer with schizophrenia go untreated or are unaware that they even have the disorder. Approximately 2,200,000 people in the United States suffer from schizophrenia, and they have a lifespan 20% shorter than those who do not have schizophrenia (Fentress, Moller 1). Schizophrenia is a unique mental disorder that is made up of distinctive characteristics, causes, signs and symptoms, and requires specificRead MoreSchizophrenia: Treatment and Diagnosis Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Schizophrenia: Treatment and Diagnosis In 1809, physician John Haslam published an account of what he considered â€Å"A form of insanity†. Haslam described many symptoms that are relevant to modern day schizophrenia including delusions of grandeur and hallucinations. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, a German psychiatrist named Emil Kraepelin expanded on Haslam’s views and gave a more accurate description of schizophrenia as we know it today. Kraeplin startedRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Two Mental Illnesses1273 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Page 1 Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Angela M. Powell English Composition I Kim Elliott-White April 18, 2011 Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Page 2 Brain disorders are commonly misunderstood due to the actions of the person living with the disorder. Education about brain disorders should decrease the misunderstanding of the disorders, and increase the supportRead MoreSchizophrenia And Modern Treatments.935 Words   |  4 Pages Schizophrenia and Modern Treatments Shelby Kaseman University of Toledo Mental illnesses are becoming more and more prominent in the lives of people today. The most common of these illnesses are mood disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder. However, schizophrenia, which is not a mood disorder, affects the lives of many people as well. Treatment is a very important part of any illness, but this is especially true when it comes to schizophrenia. Without the proper treatment, people dealingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1238 Words   |  5 Pagesdiagnosed with them. Although there are many neurological diseases, schizophrenia is one of them. Schizophrenia is one of the more known disorders in the psychological world. Throughout this paper the following questions are answered: what is schizophrenia, what are the causes of schizophrenia, what are some of the types of schizophrenia, and what are the treatment options for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder and is chronic and severe to those thatRead MoreSchizophreni A Complex Psychological Disorder990 Words   |  4 PagesThe word schizophrenia means split mind and was first used in 1911 by Eugen Bleuler. According to Paul Eugen Bleuler and the origin of the term schizophrenia as the disease becomes distinct, the personality loses it unity. Originally it was meant to describe patients whose thoughts and emotions seemed disconnected or disrupted. Unlike the meaning of the word schizophrenia, it has nothing to do with split personalities. Schizophrenia is a complex psychological disorder that can be characterizedRead MoreSymptoms, And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1413 Words   |  6 PagesOverview, Symptoms, and Treatment for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is affecting people’s lives every day. There isn’t a cure for this disorder and it is lifelong. Schizophrenia can affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. People with this disorder can have a hard time figuring out what is real and what isn’t real. A common side effect to schizophrenia is hallucinations and delusions. Another common side effect is social withdrawal, which means that they avoid socialRead MoreTreatment Options For Schizophreni Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1479 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment Through time, scientists and doctors have created various treatment options for schizophrenia based off scientific theories in their time. At one point physicians would perform brain surgery to remove a portion of brain from an individual suffering with schizophrenia that was responsible for the hallucinations and delusions the individual would experience. Although the surgery might have decreased the amount of hallucinations and delusions experienced by the individual, it led to cognitiveRead MoreA Brief Look at Schizophrenia1765 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia Socially the term Schizophrenia has a certain caricature about it that society has turned into a very serious social stigma. Many associate the disorder with criminals, nut houses, and extreme uncontrollable violence. Schizophrenia is portrayed in literature, and in movies so horrendously negative that those who experience symptoms of this very serious mental disorder can be in a stage of denial that can ultimately cause them to go undiagnosed, that is until something goes wrong.

Alzheimer s Disease Causes Progressive Physical And...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be described as a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive physical and cognitive decline.1 AD which is mostly seen in the elderly, is the most common form of dementia. Dementia can be described as the loss of the brain’s ability to function in multiple ways in a person who is awake or alert. Dementia includes memory loss and also affects a person’s ability to speak, read, write, listen, and complete certain tasks.1 Dementia can have a tremendous impact on one’s behavior and emotions and can range from being a mild case to being totally disabling. There are several types of dementia with AD being the most common, which primarily affects the elderly and is usually irreversible and non-curable. Although not all dementia is AD, it does however account for up to fifty to seventy-five percent of dementia cases.2 Over 5 million Americans have AD, and it is estimated that by the year 2050 this number will have increased up to 14 million.2 One out of every ten people, ages sixty-five years and older develops AD and some may even develop the disease in their forty’s and fifty’s.2 Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who was a neuropathologist as well as a psychiatrist, discovered what is known today as AD.3 One of Dr. Alzhiemer’s patients was a fifty-one year old woman with severe dementia. He studied this patient until she died, which then gave him the opportunity to study her brain.3 By examining this patient’s brain he noticed how the cerebral cortex (theShow MoreRelatedAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Decline1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a progressive decline in cognitive function. It affects the brain by damaging brain cells resulting in a decreased in cognitive function, physical mobility, swallowing and fine motor skills. This disease approximately 5.1 million Americans aged sixty-five or older (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of which approximately 700,000 will likely die this year (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of related symptoms such as aspiration pneumonia due to decreased swallowing ability. TheRead MoreDementia An d It s Types Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesDementia and it s types Dementia is a syndrome caused by multiple progressive illnesses that affects memory, thinking, orientation, behaviour, comprehension, calculation, judgement, learning capacity, language, and loss of motivation and emotional control. The syndrome is characterized by Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with lewy bodies, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia mainly affects older people. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. Prevalence 44.4Read MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Degenerative Disease Of The Brain981 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that gradually destroys brain cells, affecting a person’s memory and their ability to learn, make judgments, communicate and carry out basic daily activities. The disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain. It was first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1905 (Selkoe, 2016). The average life expectancy of an Alzheimers patient is between five and ten years, but some patients today have live for up to 15 years afterRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Disease1663 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. At first, someone with Alzheimer s disease may notice mild confusion and difficulty remembering. Eventually, people with the disease may even forget important people in their lives and undergo dramatic personality changes. Alzheimer s disease is the most common cause of dementia — a group of brain disorders that cause the loss of intellectual and social skills. In Alzheimer s disease, theRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Most Common Form Of Dementia1427 Words   |  6 PagesDementia, known as one of the world s current pandemics, is estimated to be the fourth most common cause of death in the developed country, second only to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and cancer. With the aging population, dementia has gradually become a serious threat to the health of the elderly people in Australia. Alzheimer s disease is the most common form of dementia. Alzheimer s disease usually occurs in a primary degenerative encephalopathy in senile and pre senior periodRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1677 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing Alzheimer s cannot take away, and that is love. Love is not a memory - it s a feeling that resides in your heart and soul.† (Fade to Blank). The human brain is a remarkably complex organ that processes, stores, and recalls information. â€Å"Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease resultsRead MoreEarly Onset Of Alzheimer s Disease1742 Words   |  7 Pagesterm for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer s. Alzheimer s disease literally eats and attacks the h uman brain (Overview). It is a progressive disease that causes the brain cells to degenerate and die, which causes memory loss and affects other important mental functions (Mayo). Today in America, over five million Americans are living with Alzheimer s disease and someone develops Alzheimer s disease every 67 secondsRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and lacks of self control. Gaps are formed in the brain s ventricles, due to the amount of dead tissue. In the end, it will lead to death. All of this may sound like something from a science fiction movie but infact its very real. These are all known possible symptoms of a common disease that affects aboutRead MoreNbsjd789 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer Disease Report Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease results from an increase in the production or accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The likelihood of having Alzheimer s disease increases substantially afterRead MoreThe Decline Of Cognitive Decline1138 Words   |  5 Pagesacceleration of cognitive decline? The relevance of this question is that there are many families that are concerned about their loved one s health when they are placed into a nursing home. First, what are some of the reasons for families to place their loved one’s into a nursing home? Second, what is Alzheimer’s and Dementia? Third, what are the reasons for the decline in most residents cognitive behaviors? Finally, how can we help chang e the acceleration of cognitive decline? Nursing homes

Country Life vs City Life Free Essays

Country Life Better Than City Life In my opinion I think country life is better than city life. The city is very busy and crazy! The crowds and traffic generates stress that challenges the human being. Perhaps that is why the city people act like an angry, stressed and unfriendly person. We will write a custom essay sample on Country Life vs City Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The country is so calm and peaceful, makes the city people want to go down there for vacations. Life in the city is very challenging. The public transportation reduces the demand for your own vehicles and the accompanying expenses. City life provides distractions available in the arts, theater, and other forms of entertainment. Even though there is a lot of activities that you can do like, going shopping on every corner and sidewalk, the city life also carries a heavy price. Housing and food are expensive. Services, such as transportation, are expensive. Worst of all, the most expensive part of life in the city is the fee it takes on your body through stress. Stress is everywhere in the city with every waking moment in the city. The crowds, traffic, tight work schedules never calm down. The air in the city is not healthy at all. The poisons of thousands of vehicles overwhelm what little green life remains to clean the air. Crime is very high in most cities. The odds of becoming a victim are high even for simple trips to the local grocery store or bank. Your brain and body are endlessly attacked by environmental pollution that a human inhales. There are very few opportunities to relax, stress builds, and the quality of your life decreases. The city dweller looks forward to a day out of the city. Historically, movement patters have been from the city to the suburbs and later to the country. Escape becomes the order of the day. Each move to the outer boundaries of the urban environment makes life a little more peaceful. The move to the country is the greatest move of all. Peaceful is the most concise description of the country. The night is quiet. Soft insect noises and the plaintive call of an owl rule the stillness. No heavy traffic, no sirens, no rush of the â€Å"madding crowd. † Life is simple and calming. Food is grown locally, instead of remotely. Everyone knows your name, and has been to your grandparents’ house. The country offers advantages to the stressed city dweller that can reduce stress, induce health, and present understanding. The country is for the laid back, no-stress, free living life you always wished for! This is just a few reasons why the country life is better than the city life. How to cite Country Life vs City Life, Essays

Constipation in Cancer Patients-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write an Essay on Management of Constipation in Cancer Patients on Morphine. Answer: Introduction: There are a myriad of different lateral complications that cancer patients in advanced stages go through, and constipation is one of the most common co-lateral medical constipation that the cancer patients suffer with. Studies suggest that close to 50% of the cancer patients suffer from constipation and 16% of them report it to be extremely severe(Candy, Jones, Larkin, Vickerstaff, Tookman, Stone, 2015). According to the most of research studies, the onset of constipation in the advanced stages of cancer might lead to a number of more complex health adversities like urinary dysfunction, overflow diarrhea and anorexia(Mercadante, et al., 2017). And that is the reason why this particular health complexity in the cancer patients leads to the most of emergency department visits in the health care sectors band enhances the hospital costs for the patients as well. Although the underlying reason behind the onset of constipation in the cancer patients is not yet understood completely, however substantial number of research studies argue that the side effects generated by the opoid medication plays an important role in the pathogenesis of constipation in the cancer patients(Coyne, LoCasale, King, Margolis, Ahmedzai, 2016). This assignment will present a literature review on the role of morphine on facilitating constipation in the cancer patients and the management techniques that can be opted for the predicament. Constipation in cancer patients: The pathogenesis process of constipation can be considered multi- factorial, as there are various physiological and biochemical factors associated with the entire mechanism. However, constipation is considered to be one of the primary grievances expressed by the cancer patients in the severe or advanced stages. According to the article by Gonzalez and Halm (2016), almost 50% of the entire emergency room visits for the cancer patients are due to constipation and the related complexities that it comes accompanied with(Gonzalez Halm, 2016). According to the Droney et al. (2013), there are many health care complications that are facilitated by the onset of constipation(Droney, et al., 2013). It has to be mentioned in this context that the disrupted bowel movements leads to urinary dysfunctions and overflow diarrhea. Another pharmacological side effect of the constipation in the cancer patients is the decreased drug absorptions, nausea, vomiting, and intestinal obstruction. Now it must n ot escape notice that for the cancer patients the burden of the terminal disease and its extreme treatments already affects the quality of life and the trouble of constipation facilitates an added bonus of distressing and debilitating elements into their life. On a more elaborative note, the constipation facilitates feelings of pain, confusion, anxiety, insomnia and spiritual distress in the cancer patients(Riley, et al., 2015). Although there are various kinds of effects of the constipation on the cancer patient, the magnitude of the effects generally depends on the severity of constipation that the cancer patient might be having. For instance, constipation in the cancer patients can range from mild to intermittent to chronic in terms of severity; the effect imparted on the quality of life for the cancer patient will also depend completely on the severity scale. Although, regardless of the severity of the constipation the patient might be having, the management technique depends en tirely upon the etiology and patho- physiology of the condition(Ahmedzai, et al., 2015). Role of opioids in pathogenesis of constipation: In cancer patients, the use of opoids has been considered to be the main underlying contributing factor behind the onset of restricted bowel movements(Oosten, et al., 2016). Now opioids can be considered as the major class of analgesics that is used abundantly in the management of acute pain. And as the cancer patients in the advanced stages experience bouts of excruciating pain during their stay in the palliative units, opioids are the most common class of pin management medication administered to the patients. However all classes of opioid analgesic drugs, the most frequently observed side effects observed is constipation, with the probability index of almost 40% to 80% depending on the dosage and severity statistics of the patient population. As the most commonly used opioid drug used for acute pain management for cancer patients in morphine, the drug is also known to induce onset of constipation in the highest probability(Zhu, Gong, Hu, Wei, Kong, Peng, 2017). On a more elaborative note, constipation that is caused by the side effect of the opioid analgesic is known to originate outside of the colon. According to the Asna et al. (2017), the opioids that are taken by the patient bind to the receptors that are present on the gastrointestinal tract of the patient along with the nervous system, effectively reducing or restricting the normal bowel motility of the patient(Asna, Shemesh, Arbel, Yosef, Batash, Schaffer, 2017). There are two methods by which the opioids like morphine can cause bowel obstruction, it is either by direct or anti-cholinergic mechanisms. Elaborating more on the same context, the detailed biochemical method of constipation is complex. According to Camilleri et al. (2014), there are three classes of opioid receptors involved in the procedure of gastrointestinal or GI signaling procedure, , ? and . ? and receptors are mainly expressed in the stomach and proximal colon where as the receptors are expressed widely througho ut the gastrointestinal tract(Camilleri, Becker, Webster, Davies, Mawe, 2014). And due to this ubiquitous distribution of the receptors in the GI tract, these receptors are play crucial roles in the gut functions, and hence, are extremely vulnerable to be affected by the opiod agents. Now in the presence of the opioid agents the opioid receptors, analogous to the regular ones, are activated that in known to induce OBD kinase functions and contribute largely to the bowel obstruction activating OIC or opioid induced constipation in the cancer patients(Nosek, Leppert, Nosek, Wordliczek, Onichimowski, 2017). Interventions and management of constipation: Although the signaling mechanism of the opiod induced constipation is complex, the =re have been many a management techniques that have been identified in the last few years. According to the article by Gonzalez and Halm (2016), there are various classes of pharmacological treatment or interventions identified for the management of opioid induced constipation in the patients. The authors in this article have described 4 classes of interventional drugs. The very first drug that has been discussed is the osmotic laxative, including PEG and lactulose drugs(Gonzalez Halm, 2016). According to the Laugsand et al. (2017), these well tolerated yet poorly absorbed agents draw and hold eater in the intestinal lumen and facilitates better bowel movements(Laugsand, et al., 2015). Although one restricting factor with this intervention is the fact that lactulose can facilitate abdominal pain, gas, and bloating in some patients, the article does not discusses the interventions taken in clinical se tting to avoid these side effects. The second class of intervention agents that are discussed in this paper are opioid receptor antagonists, Naloxegol and methylnaltrexone, that peripherally act as opioid receptors and effectively antagonize the action of regular opiod receptor and release the obstruction on bowel movements. The second last example of interventional management discussed involves lubricants and enemas, which are mainly utilized in the ED setting (Gonzalez Halm, 2016). Both these intervention techniques soften the stool and ease the way for it to be passed. And last example of intervention shared by this paper are the bulk forming agents, that are nothing but gentle laxatives making the fecal material retain more water and n=making the feces softer and easy to pass. Although it has to be mentioned in this context that this article has explained a number of intervention techniques to help treat the OIC in cancer patients, though it fails to incorporates crucial detai ls about safe implementation of these techniques in the article. The effect of methylnaltrexone, a key opioid receptor has also been discussed in the article by Mori et al. (2017), Now this particular -opioid receptor cannot cross the blood-brain barriers and hence is a key peripherally acting receptor antagonist that as a key role in relieving the bowel obstruction in cancer patients due to morphine or another opioid ingestion(Mori, Ji, Kumar, Ashikaga, Ades, 2017). The authors have discussed in this article that this particular antagonist is much more effective in patients with severe OIC and requiring higher dosage of opioids but were not in terminal or end of life stage of the disease. Along with that the authors also discovered that the this particular drug could revive the bowel movements of the patient regardless of the trajectory or the disease as long as the patient is not in the terminal stage. However the key findings of this article have to be fact that the methylnaltrexone therapy in conjunction with the minor laxatives could effect ively soften the stool making it far easier for it to pass than used alone. However the authors only generated a promising hypothesis based results for this study, and the lack of a multicenter clinical trial with routine screening of cancer patients on opioids reduces the external validity of the study. The article by Chey et al. (2014), on the other hand keeps the focus on the effect of naloxegol, the other -opioid receptor antagonist on treating the OIC in cancer patients. In this study the authors have analyzed the efficacy of this -opioid receptor antagonist by the help of control trials with two particular dosage of the medication, 25 mg and 12.5 mg. the results of this study argues with the statement by the previous article, as the effect of naloxegol elicited best outcome for patients who were non- responsive to the osmotic and stimulant laxatives(Chey, Webster, Sostek, Lappalainen, Barker, Tack, 2014). The authors also discussed the use of pegylated -opioid receptor antagonist in restoring the bowel movements of the patents with OIC due to morphine or other opioid treatments yielded the best results in reviving the bowel movements without actively taking away from the analgesic action of the opioid (morphine). In the article by Camilleri et al. (2014), a few contemporary and comparatively new intervention techniques are utilized that are not so frequently used in the clinical settings. Along with the common laxatives and -opioid receptor antagonist, this article discusses the efficiency of chloride channel activators and the Selective 5-HT4 agonist prucalopride(Camilleri, Becker, Webster, Davies, Mawe, 2014). First and foremost, the interventional management involving lubiprostone, a specific activator of intestinal CIC2 chloride channel can affectively increase the transport of fluids intestine countering the antisecretory effects of the opioids like morphine in the intestine. The prucalopride in turn accelerates colonic transit that in turn activates the contraction in the colon and facilitates the normal bowel movements. Although, it has to be mentioned that both the contemporary intervention techniques highlighted in the article are indirect mechanisms of intervention for OIC, and the re are no significant evidence of usage of this techniques in cancerous patients. The last article by Yokota et al. (2017), discusses the use of naldemedine in treating the opioid induced constipation in the cancer patients, which is another peripherally acting -opioid receptor antagonist. The authors carried out a randomized double- blind placebo-controlled study and the most notable outcome of the study had been that fact that the use of nalmedine conspicuously improved the bowel movement statistics in the patients when compared to the placebo sample population(Yokota, Katakami, Harada, Tada, Narabayashi, Boku, 2017). Although the article fails to reveal any detail regarding the mechanism of action, stability of the intervention program and the extent of side effects of the treatment. Although a brief mention of the Diarrhea occurring in the few patients had been discussed, there is no clear detailed data mentioned about the results of the study which subsequently decreases the reliability and external validity of the study. Although, the honest effort from the authors in evaluating the effect of nalmedine, a rather undiscovered -opioid receptor in research, should be appreciated. Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be stated that the constipation generated in the cancer patients due to extended use of opioid like morphine is the cause of the most of the discomfort and distress for the cancer patients. Along with that, the onset of constipation in the cancer patients can also lead to a number of other more complicated adversities further deteriorating the condition of the patient, if the constipation is not managed actively and effectively in the early stages. This literature review provided an assortment of a variety of different management or intervention techniques highlighted in the previously published literature. Although, there is no standardized or definite protocol for management of OIC in the patients that are on the extended morphine treatment for acute pain. Although the use of methylnaltrexone coupled with stimulant laxatives can be considered one of the most effective techniques for managing OIC in non-terminal patients. Hence, there is need for more ex tensive and outcome oriented research on this antagonist so that a standardized and safe intervention technique can be identified for the management of OIC in the all cancer patients, avoiding the probability of alteration of the analgesic effect of the opioid used. Bibliography Ahmedzai, S. H., Leppert, W., Janecki, M., Pakosz, A., Lomax, M., Duerr, H., et al. (2015). Long-term safety and efficacy of oxycodonenaloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic cancer pain. Supportive Care in Cancer , 823-830. Asna, N., Shemesh, N., Arbel, L., Yosef, R. B., Batash, R., Schaffer, M. (2017). Effect of the Sedative Combination of Ketamine, Morphine and Midazolam on the Quality-of-Life in the Final Days of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients. Archives of Medicine , 9(2). Camilleri, M. D., Becker, G., Webster, L. R., Davies, A. N., Mawe, G. M. (2014). Emerging treatments in neurogastroenterology: A multidisciplinary working group consensus statement on opioid?induced constipation. Neurogastroenterology Motility , 1386-1395. Candy, B., Jones, L., Larkin, P. J., Vickerstaff, V., Tookman, A., Stone, P. (2015). Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care. The Cochrane Library , 584-615. Chey, W. D., Webster, L., Sostek, M., Lappalainen, J., Barker, P. N., Tack, J. (2014). Naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation in patients with noncancer pain. New England Journal of Medicine , 2387-2396. Coyne, K. S., LoCasale, R. J., King, F. R., Margolis, M. K., Ahmedzai, S. H. (2016). Opioid-induced constipation among a convenience sample of Patients with cancer Pain. Frontiers in oncology , 6. Droney, J. M., Gretton, S. K., Sato, H., Ross, J. R., Branford, R., Welsh, K. I., et al. (2013). Analgesia and central side?effects: two separate dimensions of morphine response. British journal of clinical pharmacology , 1340-1350. Gonzalez, C. E., Halm, J. K. (2016). Constipation in cancer patients. Oncologic Emergency Medicine , pp. 327-332. Laugsand, E. A., Skorpen, F., Kaasa, S., Sabatowski, R., Strasser, F., Fayers, P., et al. (2015). Genetic and non-genetic factors associated with constipation in cancer patients receiving opioids. Clinical and translational gastroenterology , 6(6), e90. Mercadante, S., Masedu, F., Maltoni, M., Giovanni, D. D., Montanari, L., Pittureri, C., et al. (2017). The prevalence of constipation at admission and after 1 week of palliative care: a multi-center study. Current Medical Research and Opinion , 1-6. Mori, M., Ji, Y., Kumar, S., Ashikaga, T., Ades, S. (2017). Phase II trial of subcutaneous methylnaltrexone in the treatment of severe opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in cancer patients: an exploratory study. International journal of clinical oncology , 397-404. Nosek, K., Leppert, W., Nosek, H., Wordliczek, J., Onichimowski, D. (2017). A comparison of oral controlled-release morphine and oxycodone with transdermal formulations of buprenorphine and fentanyl in the treatment of severe pain in cancer patients. Drug Design, Development and Therapy , 2409. Oosten, A. W., Matic, M., van Schaik, R. H., Look, M. P., Jongen, J. L., Mathijssen, R. H., et al. (2016). Opioid treatment failure in cancer patients: the role of clinical and genetic factors. Pharmacogenomics , 1391-1403. Riley, J., Branford, R., Droney, J., Gretton, S., Sato, H., Kennett, A., et al. (2015). Morphine or oxycodone for cancer-related pain? A randomized, open-label, controlled trial. Journal of pain and symptom management , 161-172. Yokota, T., Katakami, N., Harada, T., Tada, Y., Narabayashi, M., Boku, N. (2017). O-9 Phase 3 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in cancer patients. 858-885. Zhu, H. D., Gong, Z., Hu, B. W., Wei, Q. L., Kong, J., Peng, C. B. (2017). The Efficacy and Safety of Transcutaneous Acupoint Interferential Current Stimulation for Cancer Pain Patients With Opioid-Induced Constipation: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Integrative Cancer Therapies , 934-1115.

To Kill A Mockingbird Scouts Maturity Essay Example For Students

To Kill A Mockingbird Scouts Maturity Essay As people grow in life, they mature and change. In the novel , To Kill a Mockingbird ,by Harper Lee, Scout, the main character, matures as the book continues. Slowly but surely, Scout learns to control her explosive temper, to refrain from fistfights, and to respect Calpurnia, their maid, and to really learn her value to the family. Scout simply changes because she matures, and she also changes because Atticus, her father, asks her to. In the early chapters of the book, Scout picks fights at the slightest provocation. One example of this is when Scout beats up Walter Cunningham, one of her classmates, for not having his lunch, which isnt a very good reason at all. Catching Walter Cunningham in the schoolyard gave me some pleasure, but when I was rubbing his nose in the dirt Jem came by and told me to stop. Youre biggern he is, he said He made me start off on the wrong foot. Let him go Scout. Why? He didnt have any lunch, I said, and explained my involvement in Walters dietary affairs (27). Scout is also very mischievous and has a devious mentality towards Calpurnia. We will write a custom essay on To Kill A Mockingbird Scouts Maturity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She describes Calpurnia as a tyrannical presence, and she does everything she can to get her out of the house. One time Scout does this is when Walter comes over to her house to eat dinner. Scout criticizes Walter for drowning his food in molasses, and Calpurnia scolds Scout. After Walter leaves, Scout asks Atticus to fire Calpurnia, which of course he doesnt do. Jem said suddenly grinned at him. Come on home to dinner with us, Walter, he said. Walter stood where he was, biting his lip. Jem and I gave up, and we were nearly to the Radley Place when Walter called, Hey, Im comin! While Walter piled food on his plate, he and Atticus talked together like to men, to the wonderment of Jem and me. Atticus was expounding on farm problems when Walter interrupted to ask if there was any molasses in the house Walter poured syrup on his vegetables and meat with a generous hand. He would probably have poured it into his milk glass had I not asked what the sam hill he was doing It was then that Calpurnia quested my presence in the kitchen She was furious, and when she was furious Calpurnias grammar became erratic Theres some folks who dont eat like us, she whispered fiercely Jem and Walter returned to school ahead of me: staying behind to advise Atticus of Calpurnias iniquities was worth a solitary sprint past the Radley Place. She likes Jem bettern she likes me, anyway, I concluded, and suggested that Atticus lose no time in packing her off. . . Have you ever considered that Jem doesnt worry her half as much? Atticuss voice was flinty. Ive no intention of getting rid of her, now or ever' (27-30). Later in the book, however, Scout changes. She now tries to control her temper, and is somewhat successful. One example of this is when Cecil Jacobs, another of Scouts classmates, insults Atticus by saying that Atticus defended Niggers. Scout remembers that she shouldnt fight, and walks away. Cecil Jacobs made me forget. He had announced in the schoolyard the day before that Scout Finchs daddy defended niggers You gonna take that back boy? You gotta make me first! he yelled I drew a bead on him, remembered what Atticus had said, then dropped my fists and walked away, Scouts a cow-ward! ringing in my ears (80-81). Scout also learns to respect and value Calpurnia. .

Before the sun by Charles Mungoshi

Before the sun by Charles Mungoshi This is a simple poem written by the African poetCharles Mungoshi, in which a boy talks about his every day life activity. The boy like all others desperately wants to convince others or even himself that hes a grown up, and so seek to copy the activities that old people do. He wakes up every day before the rising of the sun. The boy explains the nature around him, and how his life is simple or even sometimes tiring (he wakes up very early to work hard, like grownups do).In the first stanza the poet gives us concept of time, which shows us that its dun, a beginning of a new day. ‘Promising early heat and later in the afternoon heavy rain, this phrase shows how heat changes into rain. This explains how things change, nothing stays the same, it also explains how one thing leads to another.Poets KalymnosThe early heat leads to evaporation of water, which condenses to form rain. The warm ‘blue morning, will eventually change to heat and later to heavy rain. The poet uses the word ‘promises before early heating, its like you cant avoid the heat, it will eventually come.The second stanza shows the concept of color, ‘bright chips he says. He explains the strength of the ‘sharp axe, which drives the chips to fly ‘ for some distance through the air. The poet draws our attention by writing a one word line ‘arc. This line on my opinion is to assure the strength of the axe. We can tell that the child loves his every day activity by the way he nicely explains the nature around him. Like the chips that disintegrate when he cuts the wood, it ‘settles down in showers on the dewy grass. The poet amazingly draws...

An Introduction to Native American Literature

American literatures embrace the memories of creation stories, the tragic wisdom of native ceremonies, trickster narratives, and the outcome of chance and other occurrences in the most diverse cultures in the world. These distinctive literatures, eminent in both oral performances and in the imagination of written narratives, cannot be discovered in reductive social science translations or altogether understood in the historical constructions of culture in one common name. Vizenor 1) Since the end of the 15th century, the migration of Europeans to America, and their importation of Africans as slaves, has led to centuries of conflict and adjustment between Old and New World societies. Europeans created most of the early written historical record about Native Americans after the colonists immigration to the Americas. 3 Many Native cultures were matrilineal; the people occupied lands for use of the entire community, for hunting or agriculture. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of individual property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. The differences in cultures between the established Native Americans and immigrant Europeans, as well as shifting alliances among different nations of each culture through the centuries, caused extensive political tension, ethnic violence and social disruption. The Native Americans suffered high fatalities from the contact with infectious Eurasian diseases, to which they had no acquired immunity. Epidemics after European contact caused the greatest loss of life for indigenous populations. In 1830, the U. S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the government to relocate Native Americans from their homelands within established states to lands west of the Mississippi River, accommodating European-American expansion. Perhaps the most important moment of governmental detribalization came with the passing of the Dawes Act in 1887 which set aside 160 acres for each Indian on the reservation, and opened the â€Å"leftovers† up for settlement. According to the U. S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. Native Americans were thus pushed out from their own lands and were forced to live in small reservations assigned by the federal government who claimed that setting the Indians on the course to civilisation best ensured their survival. Tribal customs were then forcibly altered and nomadic tribes became sedentary. All Native Americans felt the impact of the new reservation policies, which sought to isolate and contain Indians to make room for an expanding American nation. At the same time that Native Americans were being excluded from the nation, white Americans began to look to them as the source of a unique national identity and literature, distinct from European traditions. Literature from the period depicting Indian characters was incredibly popular, and many works are still celebrated as classics, including James Fenimore Coopers The Last of the Mohicans (1826), Catharine Maria Sedgwicks Hope Leslie (1827), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Song of Hiawatha (1855), to name only a few. These texts employ the trope of the disappearing Indian, which represents the deaths of Indians as natural, similar to the changing of the seasons or the setting of the sun, rather than the result of political exclusion or social discrimination. Thus the disappearance of Indians from the American social landscape was not only depicted within this body of writing but also implicitly approved of. At the same time the government sponsored authors and art programs; the proletarian themes of discovery, regionalism, and tourism were new forms of dominance over Native Americans. Therefore, early Native American authors wrote within a hostile political climate and in response to a dominant literary tradition that sentimentalized and condoned the death of Indians. But they found the means to engage with their detractors by authoring their own accounts of Indians that challenged stereotypical beliefs, demanded equal political rights, and proved that Indians were neither disappearing nor silent. Native American authors have faithfully presented some of these issues of inherent native rights, the duplicities of federal policies, and the burdens of racial identities in their short stories and novels. Wynema by Sophia Alice Callahan published in 1891, was the first novel attributed to a Native American author. Callahan, who was a mixedblood Creek, was aware of tribal issues at the time and therefore devoted most of her novel to native issues. Since then many novels by distinguished Native American authors have been published. One of the most important writers among Native Americans in the 1930’s was D’Arcy McNickle, a member of the Flathead tribe of Montana. His first novel The Surrounded was published in 1936, two years after the Indian Reorganization Act was passed near the end of the Depression in the United States. His novel is the poignant story of a mix-breed family and the tragedy of their exclusion from both the red and the white worlds. Because of cultural misunderstandings, which begin between the Indian mother and Spanish father, suspicion, fear, and finally death take their children. The novel is a history of alienation. Kenneth Lincoln who coined the term Native American Rennaissance pointed out that in the late-1960s and early-1970s, a generation of Native Americans were coming of age who were the first of their tribe to receive a substantial English-language education, particularly outside of standard Indian boarding schools and in universities. Conditions for Native people, while still very harsh, had moved beyond the survival conditions of the early half of the century. The beginnings of a project of historical revisionism, which attempted to document—from a Native perspective—the history of the invasion and colonization of the North American continent had inspired a great deal of public interest in Native cultures. During this time of change, a group of Native writers emerged, both poets and novelists, who in only a few years expanded the Native American literary canon.

Discuss the diagnostic value of CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of Essay

Discuss the diagnostic value of CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of hepatocellular - Essay Example The environmental factors are also found to have a greater influence on HCC. The higher level of consumption of alcohol also causes HCC. (Carr 2009). The recent advances in the tissue specific image analysis have made the diagnosis of the diseases at the inner organs very easy with high sensitivity. MRI and CT are the two techniques that use the image analysis. HCC is a very chronic liver disease with several levels. Hence the diagnostic of each level is very essential for the complete treatment and also for resection of the part. (Kamel and Bluemke 2002). Any destruction to the liver parenchyma, biliary ducts and vascular structures must be analyzed properly to study the liver dysfunction. HCC can occur as an infectious or inflammatory disease resulting in storage and metabolic disorders and sometimes may lead to vascular diseases or neoplastic disease. Diagnosis of HCC: When a person is suspected with HCC, the ultra sound diagnosis is done first and if the case is found to be much severe then contrast medium – enhanced helical computed tomography (CT) along with dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is used. Combination of CT and MR is found to give accurate non-invasive screening modalities. At the time of diagnosis, the tumor may be small or large. The infection level may be small or chronic. The diagnosis must be able to provide complete information regarding the condition of the tumor and the level of treating it. For this we require a proper diagnostic technique. The studies have found that MRI or CT can provide better diagnostic results. But it was also found that MRI can predict results only to certain limit and so do CT. So a further analysis of these techniques will provide a good idea of what to use and when to use. As HCC are hyper vascular disease, contrast agent is used for the diagnosis. There are four phases in the liver CT scanning. They are pre contrast, arterial phase, portal venous phase and delayed phase. The CT scan is performed for these phases based on the disease condition whether it is hyper vascular or hypo vascular. In CT scan, the pre contrast phase imaging helps us to detect the calcifications in the liver and they are also able to demonstrate the hyper vascular lesions present hypo attenuating to the parenchyma liver cells. (Hayashida et al. 2007). The arterial phase imaging is done after 30 seconds from the injection of contrast phase. The arterial phase scanning is used to demonstrate the hyper vascular lesions that are present in the liver by the enhancement of the liver. This arterial phase imaging helps the doctors to decide whether to go for operation of the tumor or treat it with medicines. This imaging is done as a 3D imaging and thus is of more useful in diagnosis. The portal venous phase is done after 70-90 seconds of injecting the contrast medium and they help to evaluate the hypovascular lesions in the body. (Kamel and Bluemke 2002). The last phase is the delayed phase where the lesions are characterized further after 5 – 10 minutes of injection. The HCC can be seen as hypodense lesions as the contrast pahse is washed out completely. Pathologic changes in the hepatic cirrhosis: Cirrhosis occurs due to the hepatic injury and results in the fibrosis diffusion. The nodules are regenerated from the liver cell necrosis and

Building Information Modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Building Information Modelling - Essay Example This development has particularly been important in the engineering field in which some stakeholders develop models and different stakeholders who interpret the developed models simulate their properties undertake the constructions for achieving reality. Ensuring ease and success of such simulations has further prompted the need for standardization in modeling and communication of developed models in engineering. Of particular interest to the scope of application of information technology in engineering and modeling is the concept of Building Information Modelling that defines establishment and management of digital models of physical and operational features of a facility. The concept has been approved for its advantages and is being advocated for among government contractors. It has at the same time, though increasingly being adopted by many players, raised mixed reactions over its effectiveness and effects on business and clients. I, in this paper, explore the statement that †˜the introduction of Building Information Modelling (BIM) into the construction industry has the potential to change or influence the way project managers work in the future.’ In exploring this statement, I identify the significance of IBM to project managers’ approach to work. ... The different role is attributable to the project manager and the roles vary with different stages of a project and different scopes that a project may adopt. One of the identifiable roles of the project manager is the development of project proposals. This may be achieved together with other stakeholders to a project such as a project’s principal. This role includes the development of a project’s scope and determination of economic necessities for implementing the project and facilitates an understanding of the project. The project manager also plays a significant role in initiating a project, a role in which the manager identifies necessary personnel, ensures availability of the personnel, and mobilizes them towards implementing the subject project. The role also includes identification of necessary skills for the project, goals to be achieved in the project, and interests and motivational factors of the member of the project team (Hopper 2012, p. 18). In cases where project goals are developed by other parties and communicated to the project team, the project manager approves the objectives before they can be incorporated and communicated to the team. Placing an order for required resources in a project also forms part of a project manager’s role (Acs, p. 1). Other roles of the project manager include evaluation of potential risks to a project and establishment of control measures against identified risks and establishing minimum operating costs and making sure that operations adhere to the stipulated costs.

Promoting effective communication Essay Example for Free

Promoting effective communication Essay Describe five factors you consider when promoting effective communication: (remember to describe is more than just identifying, this requires a sentence for each one) There are a number of factors to consider in making sure that I can promote effective communication. Statistics show that we only listen to 7% of what is verbally said, 38% the way they are said and 55% non-verbal i.e. our body language, eye contact, gestures. So it is not so much of what we say that is important but how it is said. Verbal communication: 1. Tone and Pitch I need to make sure that the way in what I say things i.e. the tone and pitch of my voice suits the conversation. I might need to raise my voice in a group of many children trying to get their attention when they playing games. Where as in a small group of children were we are doing some structured learning I would talk a bit quitter, or even reading a story I would use voices for the characters in a book, making stories more interesting and so hope to keep the children’s attention. 2. Jargon I would try and use appropriate language, for instance when I am talking to a child I need to keep things simpler so that they can understand the instructions or topic of discussion. I would also kneel down or sit at the child’s level, to make eye contact, and to be sure they understand me. But when I am talking to an adult, I should adjust and speak at the appropriate tone and pitch in not to simple terms as if they are a child otherwise it may come across patronising. Non-verbal communication: 3. Body Language, expressions and gestures My body language, facial expressions and hand gestures, needs to suit the situation or topic. For example I might give a handshake, smile and a wave to a child leaving the session. These are all friendly gestures, and I would hope to get an appropriate response like a wave and smile back. There would not necessarily been any verbal communication but we both understand that it is a friendly goodbye. However I am aware that some cultures certain gestures could be offensive. A r standing with folded arms can indicate you are closing yourself of not open to listen or want to take part in the conversations. This can portray a negative message and make others feel uncomfortable. 4. Eye Contact I also make a lot of eye contact as this engages with the person I am speaking to and keeps them and me focused on what is being said. If there is little eye contact or other distractions then you can notice that there is not 100% focus. 5. Listening I would always listen at the person talking to me as this shows that I am engaged in the conversations/discussion and can act upon anything that is asked of me. If I just nod in acknowledgement and not really listen I could miss important information. If for example a child ask to go to the toilet and I just nodded without really listening, they might wet themselves and feel embarrassed and in future not trust to ask or tell me something.

Discontent in Great Expectations :: Free Great Expectations Essays

Discontent in Great Expectations Many people strive for things that are out of their reach. In the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens shows the themes of personal ambition and discontent with present conditions. The main character, Pip, shows early on in the story that he is unhappy with his current situation. Throughout the story he strives for the things that are beyond his reach, and is apathetic to the things that he can obtain. Pip demonstrates this by striving for Estella when he could have Biddy, and yearning to be a gentleman when he could be a blacksmith. The first way that Pip demonstrates these themes is by reaching for things that are unattainable to him. For example, Pip is in love with Estella, but he can't have her because she doesn't like him. Also Miss Havisham's man-hating ways have brushed off on her, and she wants nothing to do with Pip. Another thing that Pip strives for is to become a gentleman. He cannot become a gentleman, however, because he is just a commoner. He is very smitten, for example, with "the beautiful young lady at Miss Havisham's and she is more beautiful than anybody ever was and I admire her dreadfully and I want to be a gentleman on her account" (780). Thus, Pip wants to become a gentleman only for Estella. Another way that Pip shows his discontent with his present life is by not wanting to be a blacksmith when it would be very practical for him. Pip's brother-in-law is a blacksmith which would make it easy for him to learn the trade. Also, Miss Havisham agreed to pay for his apprenticeship, yet Pip insists that he is better than that and is upset by that fact that he is just a commoner. He states his dissatisfaction" with my home, my trade and with everything" (773). Pip also turns away Biddy when she is something that is obtainable to him. Biddy is somebody in the story that really loves Pip, yet he turns her away and uses her to get what he wants. Pip also gives the impression that he is better than Biddy when he is no less a commoner than she is.

STP analysis on sunsilk Essay

We would like to take this opportunity to thank you for the guidance and support you have provided me during the course of this report. Without your help, this report would have been impossible to complete. To prepare the report we collected what we believe to be most relevant information to make our report as reliable as possible. We have concentrated our best effort to achieve the objectives of the report and hope that our endeavor will serve the purpose. The practical knowledge and experience gathered during report preparation will immeasurably help in our future professional life. We request you to excuse us for any mistake that may occur in the report despite of our best effort. We would really appreciate it you enlighten us with your thoughts and views regarding the report. Also, if you wish to enquire about an aspect of our report, we would gladly answer your queries. Executive Summary Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch company, with a history of grand operation, on which it has gradually built its capital. Today it owns most of the world’s consumer product brands in food, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever Bangladesh Ltd is one of the world’s most successful fast moving consumer goods manufacturing companies with local manufacturing facilities, reporting to regional business groups for innovation and business results. Unilever brands are trusted everywhere and, by listening to the people who buy them, they’ve grown into one of the world’s most successful consumer goods companies. In fact, 150 million times a day, someone somewhere chooses a Unilever product. Unilever Bangladesh Limited has five departments to carry out all the organizational functions. Our report is on â€Å"STP Analysis on Sunsilk†.This report is designed in three chapters. Initially the opening words about the report were described in the first segment titled â€Å"Introduction† where we discuss about â€Å"Overview of Unilever† contains the history of Unilever, Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, and Organizational structure. Next chapter is on STP analysis. And in last part we give the conclusion and Bibliography. Introduction: The main objective of this report is to have an assessment about STP analysis. How they manage all their market segmentation, Target market and their positioning. Here we give brief idea about the company, industry and product. Company Overview: Unilever is a corporation, formed of Anglo Dutch parentage that owns many of the world’s consumer brands in foods, beverages, agents and personal care. It was created in 1930 by the merger of British soap Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unit. In the 1930s the business of Unilever grew and new ventures were launched in Latin. Since then Unilever has made tremendous growth, going through economic crises like the First  World War and the Great Depression. Today the company is fully multinational with operating companies in over 100 countries, employing about 179000 employees. With the onset of the 21stcentury, Unilever implemented a strategy known as ‘Path to Growth’ to transform business and to launch their Vitality mission. With 400 brands spanning 14 categories of home, personal care and foods products, no other company touches so many people’s lives in so many different ways. 150 million times a day, someone somewhere chooses a Unilever product. From feeding one’s family to keeping one’s home clean and fresh, Unilever brands are part of everyday life. Unilever’s mission is to add Vitality to life. It meets every day needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life. Here we give the SWOT analysis of Unilever: SWOT analysis: The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within the company and describes the opportunities and threats facing Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. Strengths: †¢In depth industry experience and insight †¢Largest amount of share in the market †¢Having a good number of established brands †¢An excellent distribution network †¢Competitive advantages Weaknesses: †¢Reliance on outside raw materials †¢So many substitutes available in the market †¢Lack of control in the market. If any disruption arises between company and distributor then the whole market suffers. †¢Lack of informational reliability, since the market is too large Opportunities: †¢Participation within a growing industry †¢Utilization of changing lifestyle of people for increasing demand †¢Scope of expanding the market vertically and horizontally †¢Application of new tactics and surprise packages †¢Niche marketing Threats: †¢Threats of the market challengers †¢A negative effect on people’s spending because of the current financial crisis †¢Existence of political unrest though out the country The motto of Unilever is to hold its strengths the longest time possible. It is also working constantly with a view to using its opportunities at best. In spite of being the market leader Unilever Bangladesh has some weaknesses and threats. Its research department is working hard to make strategies to overcome those weaknesses and threats. Product Overview: Sunsilk is a hair care brand, primarily aimed at women, produced by the Unilever group, which is now considered the world’s leading company in hair conditioning and the second largest in shampoo.Sunsilk is Unilever’s leading hair care brand, and ranks as one of the Anglo-Dutch conglomerate’s â€Å"billion dollar brands†. Sunsilk shampoos, conditioners and other hair care products are sold in 69 countries worldwide. Sunsilk is sold under a variety of different names in markets around the world including Elide, Seda and Sedal. The brand is strongest in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East and is the number one hair care brand in India, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Sunsilk was launched in the UK in 1954, and by 1959 it was available in 18 different countries worldwide. At the time, Sunsilk had an advantage over other shampoos in the market as it only needed one application, and so meant washing less natural oils from the hair. Sunsilk  cream shampoo for dry hair was launched in 1956 and from 2009 Sunsilk started working with a number of professional hair â€Å"experts† to develop new and improved products. Each hair â€Å"issue† variant links to an â€Å"expert† with the relevant specialist hair knowledge. For example, Dr Francesca Fusco, a New York dermatologist, co-created a â€Å"hair fall† variant for the brand. The lineup also includes: Jamal Hammadi for Black Shine, Rita Hazan for Vibrant Color, Teddy Charles for Plumped up Volume, Thomas Taw for Damage Reconstruction, Ouidad for Defined Curls and Yuko Yamashita – inventor of Japanese hair straightening process ‘YUKO’ – for Perfect Straight. Due to need of shampoo for oily hair and dandruff unilever launch a new variant of Sunsilk having citrus extracts. The range consists of Sunsilk: Yellow Sunsilk with Bio Proteins from Vegetable Extracts: Normal hair needs wholesome nourishment. New Sunsilk with Bio Protein extracted from Vegetable milk has nutrients that deeply penetrate each hair strand, to nourish it leaving hair strong and beautiful. Black Sunsilk with Melanin from Plant Extracts: Dull hair needs a rich black shine. New Sunsilk with Melanin extracted from plants serves this purpose very effectively. It helps in the growth and retention of the black color of hair, giving it a rich black shine. Green Sunsilk with Fruitamins Vitamins from fruit Extracts: Thin and limp hair needs extra body and volume. New Sunsilk with Fruitamins has natural extracts from fruit that contains Vitamins. These vitamins help in giving extra body, shine and amazing manageability to the thinning and lifeless hair. Pink Sunsilk with yoghurt proteins: Dry hair needs wholesome conditioning, extra shine and style. New Sunsilk with yoghurt proteins makes the dry hair full of life. Its especial ingredients moisturize each hair right to its tips leaving it shiny and beautiful. Orange Sunsilk with active nutrients from Citrus Extracts: The advanced formula of orange Sunsilk is the result of the latest research. This shampoo is especially designed for oily hair type that looks flat and greasy due to the excess of moisture. New Sunsilk with active ingredients from citrus extracts cleans the excess oil off hair while its nutrients deeply penetrate each hair strand to nourish it. Industry Overview: In Bangladesh many brands are available in shampoo category. Unilever, Square Toiletries and P&G are the leading brands. Unilever produces Sunsilk and Clear, Jui is produced by Square and Pantene and Head & Shoulder produced by P&G. Moreover, there are some low brands which are operating in Bangladesh. Unilever grab the highest market share and in the leading position. Figure: Market Share STP Analysis: Segmentation: Geographic Segmentation Sunsilk ignored geographic segmentation for product; sunsilk segmented the market based on intermarket segmentation. But sunsilk segmented the market based on geographic segmentation for advertising, promotion and sales efforts. Sunsilk divided the market into three groups. 1. European countries 2. Middle-East countries 3. Asia pacific countries In those segment advertising, promotion and sales efforts should be different. Demographic segmentation Gender Sunsilk divided the market into two groups based on gender. 1 Male consumer 2 Female consumer Age and life cycle stage Consumer needs and wants change with age. Sunsilk divided the female consumer market into three groups based on age. 1. Market segment of female age 16-21 2. Market segment of female age 22-40 3. Market segment of female age above 40 Income Sunsilk divided the market based on income. They divided the market into three groups based on income. 1. Upper class 2. Middle class 3. Lower class Psychographics: Social class Initially they launched sunsilk black shine mainly for higher class people and to some extent middle class people. Then, they launched mini pack for the lower class people. Behavioral: Benefit Benefit is a factor which effect on buying decision. Sunsilk divided the market into five groups based on benefits. Each segment required difference benefit. 1. Segment â€Å"A† (who need nourishment for normal hair) 2. Segment â€Å"B† (who need a rich black shine for dull hair) 3. Segment â€Å"C† (who need extra body and volume for Thin and limp hair) 4. Segment â€Å"D† (who need conditioning, extra shine and style for dry hair) 5. Segment â€Å"E† (who need oil free hair for oily hair type that looks flat and greasy due to the excess of moisture) Market Targeting Market segmentation reveals sunsilk’s market segment opportunities. In this stage sunsilk had to evaluate the various segments and decide how many and which segments it could serve best. Evaluating market segments Sunsilk mainly targeted the female segment and ignored the male segment. At first, sunsilk targeted tow segments of female consumer which was segment of female age 16-21 and segment of female age 22-40, but in their promotional activities they focused on all female segments. Sunsilk targeted those segments because those segments were the largest, profitable and there was no strong and aggressive competitor. After, sunsilk targeted the five segments of benefit and they lunched separate product for each segment. Undifferentiated marketing At first, sunsilk used undifferentiated marketing or mass-marketing strategy and they ignored market segment difference and targeted the whole market with one offer. Differentiated marketing Sunsilk also practice differentiated marketing strategy, they targeted five segments of benefit and they brought variety in their product. They lunched five varieties product for whole market. Sunsilk target five segments and designed separate offer for each segment. Positioning: Sunsilk is already a renowned brand in the shampoo industry. As we mentioned in the earlier part of the report, they segmented and targeted their market very carefully. We give the customers more benefits with same amount of price. We try to give the best to the customers. More for More More for same More for less Same for less Less for less For positioning our product our tagline will be â€Å"We care about your feeling† Positioning Statement: â€Å"To the young and middle age women, who have dull, oily, rough and dry hair, our sunsilk is hair solution that offers stylish, shiny, strong and oil free hair related to the competitors.† Conclusion: Sunsilk is a most prominent shampoo brand in the market. Now, it is consider as a market leader based on market share and the market size. Manufacturer of leading brands, including Fair & Lovely and Lipton Tea, Our brands help people to look good, feel good and get more out of life. Celebrating life  for over 40 years and today, a company bringing world class consumer products to millions of people in the country we are Unilever.

Centripetal Force

A the centripetal force which is equal to the Tension on the Holon string, which is pulling against the spring force which is our centripetal force when our radius is constant. The normal force is always pulling up, and the force of gravity always pulling down, they are cancel each other out in this situation.So even though we are adding more mass it does not have any effect on the centripetal force. Equation relating the net force (FCC) to the speed (v) of an object moving in uniform circular motion. F c = This equation shows that the net force required for an object to move in a circle is directly proportional to the square of the speed of the object. For a constant mass ND radius, the FCC is proportional to the speeds. VA 2 The factor by which the net force is altered is the square of the factor by which the speed is altered.Subsequently, if the speed of the object is doubled, the net force required for that object's circular motion is quadrupled. And if the speed of the object is halved (decreased by a factor of 2), the net force required is decreased by a factor of 4. We find the result of our experiment dose agrees with above. In our experiment we keep radius constant so our force stays the same, and as we increased mass on each trail we see our velocity keeps decreasing gradually. Centripetal Force A the centripetal force which is equal to the Tension on the Holon string, which is pulling against the spring force which is our centripetal force when our radius is constant. The normal force is always pulling up, and the force of gravity always pulling down, they are cancel each other out in this situation.So even though we are adding more mass it does not have any effect on the centripetal force. Equation relating the net force (FCC) to the speed (v) of an object moving in uniform circular motion. F c = This equation shows that the net force required for an object to move in a circle is directly proportional to the square of the speed of the object. For a constant mass ND radius, the FCC is proportional to the speeds. VA 2 The factor by which the net force is altered is the square of the factor by which the speed is altered.Subsequently, if the speed of the object is doubled, the net force required for that object's circular motion is quadrupled. And if the speed of the object is halved (decreased by a factor of 2), the net force required is decreased by a factor of 4. We find the result of our experiment dose agrees with above. In our experiment we keep radius constant so our force stays the same, and as we increased mass on each trail we see our velocity keeps decreasing gradually.

Essay on Lunacies of Catch-22 Essays - Yossarian, Catch-22

Essay on Lunacies of Catch-22 Essays - Yossarian, Catch-22 Essay on Lunacies of Catch-22 english essay on lunacies of catch-22 Joseph Heller, in his Catch-22, satirizes the lunacies and catches of war and the military. This world which Yossarian and Milo inhabit is a game to be played very carefully. That the craziness of war is a game can be supported by the fact that Milo and Yossarian both win, but each having and utilizing a different strategy. "Milo and Yossarian came from fundamentally different con-man traditions, both pressed into new extremes. The contrast in styles can be summed up by saying that Milo is serious but covert and that Yossarian is open but playful." Throughout the novel, Milo makes headway by his manipulations and fast talk. He makes himself invaluable to Colonel Cathcart by forcing him to realize that he is irreplaceable. He manipulates himself into a position of acting as a lifeline to the base by appealing to the weaknesses of his superior officers. Cunningly he maneuvers himself into power and becomes the most influential person in the entire scope of operations. However, he loses the sense of the game; he becomes so wrapped up in gaining position, he loses his sense of awareness and becomes singularly concerned with money and power. Yossaarian, on the other hand, remains openly defiant of the game but succeeds at it because of his playfulness. He attends a march stark naked, openly aborts missions, and obviously fakes illness to escape "the game." In doing this he makes his points and accomplishes his goals but only because of his playfulness. Yossarian made real headway upon his temporary repression of his ideals and principles but realizing his mistake changed his mind. He could not manipulate his beliefs as Milo does but could not advance with open, serious defiance and strict adherence to his principles. Yossarian sacrificed his only straightforward chance to escape the crazy "game" because of his beliefs. The craziness of this game and the winding paths that Yossarian and Milo follow to no particular end are what signified Catch-22 as a classic anti-realistic novel. Both characters are thrust into the same situation and are forced to make the best of it. The choices they make and the routes they follow through life determine their outcome.

Leymah Gbowee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leymah Gbowee - Essay Example sexual favors in return for accepting a girl to study at her school and also teenage girls being sold for prostitution on less than a dollar per night (Ted Talk, 2012). She was also lamenting on how we have policies such as the No Child Left Behind and UN Childrens Rights acts, but they do not seem to work. Most of these points are true such as the alarming teenage pregnancy rate among children and also that most girls, particularly in Africa, fail to go to school mostly because they lack the resources or society will not let them. Today, girls are married of at young age or sold to prostitution denying them a chance to go to school. What the speaker was trying to stress is that society sees girls as tools instead of human beings, which is mostly true in some parts of the world, for instance, Liberia (Ted Talk, 2012). The only part where I tend to disagree with the speaker is that policies such as No Child Left Behind an UN Childrens Rights. Most of these policies are effective in some regions, for example, the United States. It is up to these other regions like Liberia to effectively apply them. In such a speech, in order to greatly deliver your message, you need to make people truly feel what you are talking about. For example, when talking about the situation in Liberia it would be significant to use video clips or pictures or even bring the girls from the region to tell the story themselves. This will at least give the audience a clear picture of the message being delivered. However, these presentations should not be more of something fancy, but convey the topic of the talk. Your speech should be simple, with a clear start, middle and conclusion. Focus on one theme, and eliminate everything else. When Chris Anderson asked Gbowee what troubles her most about Liberia, she went into a lot of detail only to give a simple answer in her next response that it is teenage pregnancy (Ted Talk, 2012). An advice that I could give Gbowee to help her improve her speech

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Assignment - 4

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Assignment Example The business planning process consists in following some step by step processes which needs to be documented for an organization to have a clear insight and direction for work. Critical appraisal of the business planning process The business planning process has a lot of loopholes and most traditional business plans are criticized to be overtly formal and rigid. Here we will critically appraise a business planning process. Idea generation The first step of a business plan is the visualization of a new product or service which the enterprise desires to provide. In fact it outlines the key to future growth prospects. However, before taking a decision as to which product or service should be started, a thorough market research including customer’s preferences should be conducted. Most organizations rely on the traditional methods in order to research on the idea generation and come to a decision. The traditional techniques are usually based on the inputs provided by customers and these may be extremely biased. These techniques identify a target market for the product or service and randomly conduct a customer focused survey to come to a conclusion (Lilien et al. 2002). Another key barrier to the idea generation process is that firms may hurriedly decide and document a product or a service idea. In this case thorough research may not have been conducted probably due to lack of skill and knowledge and faulty processes (Flint 2000). Hence; most business ideas may never be implemented. Other constraints faced by firms may be with reference to garnering sufficient funds to start a business. If the firm is not able to procure funds then the business idea is scrapped and the top management has to again come out with a new business idea. Strategic objectives The next step in the business planning process consists in setting short term and long term goals and strategies. It is very necessary to set up goals so that a pre determined path can be chalked out to attain strategic objectives. However, most planners may come up with highly unrealistic and unattainable objectives. This is one of the principal reasons for the failure of the business planning process. This may occur due to the fact that the top management team has a divided opinion or is not wholly involved in the planning process (Mintzberg 1994). Also the planners have to work under uncertain market conditions and hence they need to monitor the goals from time to time. Most firms do not bother to discuss and make changes to the pre determined goals and this may lead to failure of the business plan. Market analysis and research The organization needs to thoroughly research the customer market by conducting a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis is a thorough research conducted with reference to identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat of the product market and the customer market. The main problem encountered in a market research is that the data collected may be outda ted or irrelevant for the purpose. In this case, the results generated on the basis of the research may be biased or flawed. Another problem organizations encounter is with the location