Schizophrenia Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay

Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that affects the cognitive functions of an individual. The cause of this illness is unknown, but there are several theories of how an individual may acquire schizophrenia. Because there are many symptoms of the disease and because the symptoms can vary quite dramatically among several individuals and even within the same individual over time, the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be quite difficult. In the United States and Europe, schizophrenia occurs in about 3 to 6 of every 10,000 individuals. Schizophrenia occurs equally in males and females; however, the age of onset of the disease is different between the sexes. The primary age of onset in males occurs roughly between the ages of 15 and 25,†¦show more content†¦Since the social causation hypothesis is more narrow and only accounts for the assumption that schizophrenia results from stress (one hypothesis for the development of schizophrenia), the downward drift hypothesis seems to better explain the disproportionate numbers of schizophrenics in the lower socioeconomic classes. Moreover, a number of estimations have claimed that between one-third and two-thirds of homeless individuals have schizophrenia (1). However, the theory that social factors may produce the stressors that lead to schizophrenia does correlate with several key points. Epidemiological studies have shown that a higher proportion of schizophrenics are found in large cities, particularly in those cities with populations of over one million people, whereas smaller cities have virtually no incidence of schizophrenia. Also, the development of schizophrenia in children of a schizophrenic parent or parents appears to be twice as likely in those residing in large cities as compared to those in smaller communities. Moreover, schizophrenia occurs in a higher percentage of immigrants that move from a less industrialized area or nation to a more industrialized area or nation (1). However, other factors may be present that contribute to the disproportionate localization of schizophrenia in relation to geography which will be discussed later. The symptoms of schizophrenia are quite variable in type andShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia: Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay example2723 Words   |  11 PagesHISTORY EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL FEATURES COURSE PROGNOSIS DIAGNOSTIC TYPES ETIOLOGY NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES GENETICS DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OTHER NEUROTRANSM1TTER SYSTEMS TREATMENT Schizophrenia is sometimes considered the most devastating of the mental illnesses because its onset is early in a patient’s life, and its symptoms can be destructive to the patient and to the patient’s family and friends. Although schizophrenia is usually discussed as if it were a single disease, this diagnosticRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Unique Mental Disorder?1335 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Reference Series, schizophrenia affects 1.1% of the US population and the majority of those who suffer with schizophrenia go untreated or are unaware that they even have the disorder. Approximately 2,200,000 people in the United States suffer from schizophrenia, and they have a lifespan 20% shorter than those who do not have schizophrenia (Fentress, Moller 1). Schizophrenia is a unique mental disorder that is made up of distinctive characteristics, causes, signs and symptoms, and requires specificRead MoreSchizophrenia: Treatment and Diagnosis Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Schizophrenia: Treatment and Diagnosis In 1809, physician John Haslam published an account of what he considered â€Å"A form of insanity†. Haslam described many symptoms that are relevant to modern day schizophrenia including delusions of grandeur and hallucinations. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, a German psychiatrist named Emil Kraepelin expanded on Haslam’s views and gave a more accurate description of schizophrenia as we know it today. Kraeplin startedRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Two Mental Illnesses1273 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Page 1 Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Angela M. Powell English Composition I Kim Elliott-White April 18, 2011 Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Page 2 Brain disorders are commonly misunderstood due to the actions of the person living with the disorder. Education about brain disorders should decrease the misunderstanding of the disorders, and increase the supportRead MoreSchizophrenia And Modern Treatments.935 Words   |  4 Pages Schizophrenia and Modern Treatments Shelby Kaseman University of Toledo Mental illnesses are becoming more and more prominent in the lives of people today. The most common of these illnesses are mood disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder. However, schizophrenia, which is not a mood disorder, affects the lives of many people as well. Treatment is a very important part of any illness, but this is especially true when it comes to schizophrenia. Without the proper treatment, people dealingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1238 Words   |  5 Pagesdiagnosed with them. Although there are many neurological diseases, schizophrenia is one of them. Schizophrenia is one of the more known disorders in the psychological world. Throughout this paper the following questions are answered: what is schizophrenia, what are the causes of schizophrenia, what are some of the types of schizophrenia, and what are the treatment options for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder and is chronic and severe to those thatRead MoreSchizophreni A Complex Psychological Disorder990 Words   |  4 PagesThe word schizophrenia means split mind and was first used in 1911 by Eugen Bleuler. According to Paul Eugen Bleuler and the origin of the term schizophrenia as the disease becomes distinct, the personality loses it unity. Originally it was meant to describe patients whose thoughts and emotions seemed disconnected or disrupted. Unlike the meaning of the word schizophrenia, it has nothing to do with split personalities. Schizophrenia is a complex psychological disorder that can be characterizedRead MoreSymptoms, And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1413 Words   |  6 PagesOverview, Symptoms, and Treatment for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is affecting people’s lives every day. There isn’t a cure for this disorder and it is lifelong. Schizophrenia can affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. People with this disorder can have a hard time figuring out what is real and what isn’t real. A common side effect to schizophrenia is hallucinations and delusions. Another common side effect is social withdrawal, which means that they avoid socialRead MoreTreatment Options For Schizophreni Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1479 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment Through time, scientists and doctors have created various treatment options for schizophrenia based off scientific theories in their time. At one point physicians would perform brain surgery to remove a portion of brain from an individual suffering with schizophrenia that was responsible for the hallucinations and delusions the individual would experience. Although the surgery might have decreased the amount of hallucinations and delusions experienced by the individual, it led to cognitiveRead MoreA Brief Look at Schizophrenia1765 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia Socially the term Schizophrenia has a certain caricature about it that society has turned into a very serious social stigma. Many associate the disorder with criminals, nut houses, and extreme uncontrollable violence. Schizophrenia is portrayed in literature, and in movies so horrendously negative that those who experience symptoms of this very serious mental disorder can be in a stage of denial that can ultimately cause them to go undiagnosed, that is until something goes wrong.

Alzheimer s Disease Causes Progressive Physical And...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be described as a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive physical and cognitive decline.1 AD which is mostly seen in the elderly, is the most common form of dementia. Dementia can be described as the loss of the brain’s ability to function in multiple ways in a person who is awake or alert. Dementia includes memory loss and also affects a person’s ability to speak, read, write, listen, and complete certain tasks.1 Dementia can have a tremendous impact on one’s behavior and emotions and can range from being a mild case to being totally disabling. There are several types of dementia with AD being the most common, which primarily affects the elderly and is usually irreversible and non-curable. Although not all dementia is AD, it does however account for up to fifty to seventy-five percent of dementia cases.2 Over 5 million Americans have AD, and it is estimated that by the year 2050 this number will have increased up to 14 million.2 One out of every ten people, ages sixty-five years and older develops AD and some may even develop the disease in their forty’s and fifty’s.2 Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who was a neuropathologist as well as a psychiatrist, discovered what is known today as AD.3 One of Dr. Alzhiemer’s patients was a fifty-one year old woman with severe dementia. He studied this patient until she died, which then gave him the opportunity to study her brain.3 By examining this patient’s brain he noticed how the cerebral cortex (theShow MoreRelatedAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Decline1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a progressive decline in cognitive function. It affects the brain by damaging brain cells resulting in a decreased in cognitive function, physical mobility, swallowing and fine motor skills. This disease approximately 5.1 million Americans aged sixty-five or older (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of which approximately 700,000 will likely die this year (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of related symptoms such as aspiration pneumonia due to decreased swallowing ability. TheRead MoreDementia An d It s Types Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesDementia and it s types Dementia is a syndrome caused by multiple progressive illnesses that affects memory, thinking, orientation, behaviour, comprehension, calculation, judgement, learning capacity, language, and loss of motivation and emotional control. The syndrome is characterized by Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with lewy bodies, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia mainly affects older people. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. Prevalence 44.4Read MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Degenerative Disease Of The Brain981 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that gradually destroys brain cells, affecting a person’s memory and their ability to learn, make judgments, communicate and carry out basic daily activities. The disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain. It was first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1905 (Selkoe, 2016). The average life expectancy of an Alzheimers patient is between five and ten years, but some patients today have live for up to 15 years afterRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Disease1663 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. At first, someone with Alzheimer s disease may notice mild confusion and difficulty remembering. Eventually, people with the disease may even forget important people in their lives and undergo dramatic personality changes. Alzheimer s disease is the most common cause of dementia — a group of brain disorders that cause the loss of intellectual and social skills. In Alzheimer s disease, theRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Most Common Form Of Dementia1427 Words   |  6 PagesDementia, known as one of the world s current pandemics, is estimated to be the fourth most common cause of death in the developed country, second only to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and cancer. With the aging population, dementia has gradually become a serious threat to the health of the elderly people in Australia. Alzheimer s disease is the most common form of dementia. Alzheimer s disease usually occurs in a primary degenerative encephalopathy in senile and pre senior periodRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1677 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing Alzheimer s cannot take away, and that is love. Love is not a memory - it s a feeling that resides in your heart and soul.† (Fade to Blank). The human brain is a remarkably complex organ that processes, stores, and recalls information. â€Å"Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease resultsRead MoreEarly Onset Of Alzheimer s Disease1742 Words   |  7 Pagesterm for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer s. Alzheimer s disease literally eats and attacks the h uman brain (Overview). It is a progressive disease that causes the brain cells to degenerate and die, which causes memory loss and affects other important mental functions (Mayo). Today in America, over five million Americans are living with Alzheimer s disease and someone develops Alzheimer s disease every 67 secondsRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and lacks of self control. Gaps are formed in the brain s ventricles, due to the amount of dead tissue. In the end, it will lead to death. All of this may sound like something from a science fiction movie but infact its very real. These are all known possible symptoms of a common disease that affects aboutRead MoreNbsjd789 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer Disease Report Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease results from an increase in the production or accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The likelihood of having Alzheimer s disease increases substantially afterRead MoreThe Decline Of Cognitive Decline1138 Words   |  5 Pagesacceleration of cognitive decline? The relevance of this question is that there are many families that are concerned about their loved one s health when they are placed into a nursing home. First, what are some of the reasons for families to place their loved one’s into a nursing home? Second, what is Alzheimer’s and Dementia? Third, what are the reasons for the decline in most residents cognitive behaviors? Finally, how can we help chang e the acceleration of cognitive decline? Nursing homes

Country Life vs City Life Free Essays

Country Life Better Than City Life In my opinion I think country life is better than city life. The city is very busy and crazy! The crowds and traffic generates stress that challenges the human being. Perhaps that is why the city people act like an angry, stressed and unfriendly person. We will write a custom essay sample on Country Life vs City Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The country is so calm and peaceful, makes the city people want to go down there for vacations. Life in the city is very challenging. The public transportation reduces the demand for your own vehicles and the accompanying expenses. City life provides distractions available in the arts, theater, and other forms of entertainment. Even though there is a lot of activities that you can do like, going shopping on every corner and sidewalk, the city life also carries a heavy price. Housing and food are expensive. Services, such as transportation, are expensive. Worst of all, the most expensive part of life in the city is the fee it takes on your body through stress. Stress is everywhere in the city with every waking moment in the city. The crowds, traffic, tight work schedules never calm down. The air in the city is not healthy at all. The poisons of thousands of vehicles overwhelm what little green life remains to clean the air. Crime is very high in most cities. The odds of becoming a victim are high even for simple trips to the local grocery store or bank. Your brain and body are endlessly attacked by environmental pollution that a human inhales. There are very few opportunities to relax, stress builds, and the quality of your life decreases. The city dweller looks forward to a day out of the city. Historically, movement patters have been from the city to the suburbs and later to the country. Escape becomes the order of the day. Each move to the outer boundaries of the urban environment makes life a little more peaceful. The move to the country is the greatest move of all. Peaceful is the most concise description of the country. The night is quiet. Soft insect noises and the plaintive call of an owl rule the stillness. No heavy traffic, no sirens, no rush of the â€Å"madding crowd. † Life is simple and calming. Food is grown locally, instead of remotely. Everyone knows your name, and has been to your grandparents’ house. The country offers advantages to the stressed city dweller that can reduce stress, induce health, and present understanding. The country is for the laid back, no-stress, free living life you always wished for! This is just a few reasons why the country life is better than the city life. How to cite Country Life vs City Life, Essays

Constipation in Cancer Patients-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write an Essay on Management of Constipation in Cancer Patients on Morphine. Answer: Introduction: There are a myriad of different lateral complications that cancer patients in advanced stages go through, and constipation is one of the most common co-lateral medical constipation that the cancer patients suffer with. Studies suggest that close to 50% of the cancer patients suffer from constipation and 16% of them report it to be extremely severe(Candy, Jones, Larkin, Vickerstaff, Tookman, Stone, 2015). According to the most of research studies, the onset of constipation in the advanced stages of cancer might lead to a number of more complex health adversities like urinary dysfunction, overflow diarrhea and anorexia(Mercadante, et al., 2017). And that is the reason why this particular health complexity in the cancer patients leads to the most of emergency department visits in the health care sectors band enhances the hospital costs for the patients as well. Although the underlying reason behind the onset of constipation in the cancer patients is not yet understood completely, however substantial number of research studies argue that the side effects generated by the opoid medication plays an important role in the pathogenesis of constipation in the cancer patients(Coyne, LoCasale, King, Margolis, Ahmedzai, 2016). This assignment will present a literature review on the role of morphine on facilitating constipation in the cancer patients and the management techniques that can be opted for the predicament. Constipation in cancer patients: The pathogenesis process of constipation can be considered multi- factorial, as there are various physiological and biochemical factors associated with the entire mechanism. However, constipation is considered to be one of the primary grievances expressed by the cancer patients in the severe or advanced stages. According to the article by Gonzalez and Halm (2016), almost 50% of the entire emergency room visits for the cancer patients are due to constipation and the related complexities that it comes accompanied with(Gonzalez Halm, 2016). According to the Droney et al. (2013), there are many health care complications that are facilitated by the onset of constipation(Droney, et al., 2013). It has to be mentioned in this context that the disrupted bowel movements leads to urinary dysfunctions and overflow diarrhea. Another pharmacological side effect of the constipation in the cancer patients is the decreased drug absorptions, nausea, vomiting, and intestinal obstruction. Now it must n ot escape notice that for the cancer patients the burden of the terminal disease and its extreme treatments already affects the quality of life and the trouble of constipation facilitates an added bonus of distressing and debilitating elements into their life. On a more elaborative note, the constipation facilitates feelings of pain, confusion, anxiety, insomnia and spiritual distress in the cancer patients(Riley, et al., 2015). Although there are various kinds of effects of the constipation on the cancer patient, the magnitude of the effects generally depends on the severity of constipation that the cancer patient might be having. For instance, constipation in the cancer patients can range from mild to intermittent to chronic in terms of severity; the effect imparted on the quality of life for the cancer patient will also depend completely on the severity scale. Although, regardless of the severity of the constipation the patient might be having, the management technique depends en tirely upon the etiology and patho- physiology of the condition(Ahmedzai, et al., 2015). Role of opioids in pathogenesis of constipation: In cancer patients, the use of opoids has been considered to be the main underlying contributing factor behind the onset of restricted bowel movements(Oosten, et al., 2016). Now opioids can be considered as the major class of analgesics that is used abundantly in the management of acute pain. And as the cancer patients in the advanced stages experience bouts of excruciating pain during their stay in the palliative units, opioids are the most common class of pin management medication administered to the patients. However all classes of opioid analgesic drugs, the most frequently observed side effects observed is constipation, with the probability index of almost 40% to 80% depending on the dosage and severity statistics of the patient population. As the most commonly used opioid drug used for acute pain management for cancer patients in morphine, the drug is also known to induce onset of constipation in the highest probability(Zhu, Gong, Hu, Wei, Kong, Peng, 2017). On a more elaborative note, constipation that is caused by the side effect of the opioid analgesic is known to originate outside of the colon. According to the Asna et al. (2017), the opioids that are taken by the patient bind to the receptors that are present on the gastrointestinal tract of the patient along with the nervous system, effectively reducing or restricting the normal bowel motility of the patient(Asna, Shemesh, Arbel, Yosef, Batash, Schaffer, 2017). There are two methods by which the opioids like morphine can cause bowel obstruction, it is either by direct or anti-cholinergic mechanisms. Elaborating more on the same context, the detailed biochemical method of constipation is complex. According to Camilleri et al. (2014), there are three classes of opioid receptors involved in the procedure of gastrointestinal or GI signaling procedure, , ? and . ? and receptors are mainly expressed in the stomach and proximal colon where as the receptors are expressed widely througho ut the gastrointestinal tract(Camilleri, Becker, Webster, Davies, Mawe, 2014). And due to this ubiquitous distribution of the receptors in the GI tract, these receptors are play crucial roles in the gut functions, and hence, are extremely vulnerable to be affected by the opiod agents. Now in the presence of the opioid agents the opioid receptors, analogous to the regular ones, are activated that in known to induce OBD kinase functions and contribute largely to the bowel obstruction activating OIC or opioid induced constipation in the cancer patients(Nosek, Leppert, Nosek, Wordliczek, Onichimowski, 2017). Interventions and management of constipation: Although the signaling mechanism of the opiod induced constipation is complex, the =re have been many a management techniques that have been identified in the last few years. According to the article by Gonzalez and Halm (2016), there are various classes of pharmacological treatment or interventions identified for the management of opioid induced constipation in the patients. The authors in this article have described 4 classes of interventional drugs. The very first drug that has been discussed is the osmotic laxative, including PEG and lactulose drugs(Gonzalez Halm, 2016). According to the Laugsand et al. (2017), these well tolerated yet poorly absorbed agents draw and hold eater in the intestinal lumen and facilitates better bowel movements(Laugsand, et al., 2015). Although one restricting factor with this intervention is the fact that lactulose can facilitate abdominal pain, gas, and bloating in some patients, the article does not discusses the interventions taken in clinical se tting to avoid these side effects. The second class of intervention agents that are discussed in this paper are opioid receptor antagonists, Naloxegol and methylnaltrexone, that peripherally act as opioid receptors and effectively antagonize the action of regular opiod receptor and release the obstruction on bowel movements. The second last example of interventional management discussed involves lubricants and enemas, which are mainly utilized in the ED setting (Gonzalez Halm, 2016). Both these intervention techniques soften the stool and ease the way for it to be passed. And last example of intervention shared by this paper are the bulk forming agents, that are nothing but gentle laxatives making the fecal material retain more water and n=making the feces softer and easy to pass. Although it has to be mentioned in this context that this article has explained a number of intervention techniques to help treat the OIC in cancer patients, though it fails to incorporates crucial detai ls about safe implementation of these techniques in the article. The effect of methylnaltrexone, a key opioid receptor has also been discussed in the article by Mori et al. (2017), Now this particular -opioid receptor cannot cross the blood-brain barriers and hence is a key peripherally acting receptor antagonist that as a key role in relieving the bowel obstruction in cancer patients due to morphine or another opioid ingestion(Mori, Ji, Kumar, Ashikaga, Ades, 2017). The authors have discussed in this article that this particular antagonist is much more effective in patients with severe OIC and requiring higher dosage of opioids but were not in terminal or end of life stage of the disease. Along with that the authors also discovered that the this particular drug could revive the bowel movements of the patient regardless of the trajectory or the disease as long as the patient is not in the terminal stage. However the key findings of this article have to be fact that the methylnaltrexone therapy in conjunction with the minor laxatives could effect ively soften the stool making it far easier for it to pass than used alone. However the authors only generated a promising hypothesis based results for this study, and the lack of a multicenter clinical trial with routine screening of cancer patients on opioids reduces the external validity of the study. The article by Chey et al. (2014), on the other hand keeps the focus on the effect of naloxegol, the other -opioid receptor antagonist on treating the OIC in cancer patients. In this study the authors have analyzed the efficacy of this -opioid receptor antagonist by the help of control trials with two particular dosage of the medication, 25 mg and 12.5 mg. the results of this study argues with the statement by the previous article, as the effect of naloxegol elicited best outcome for patients who were non- responsive to the osmotic and stimulant laxatives(Chey, Webster, Sostek, Lappalainen, Barker, Tack, 2014). The authors also discussed the use of pegylated -opioid receptor antagonist in restoring the bowel movements of the patents with OIC due to morphine or other opioid treatments yielded the best results in reviving the bowel movements without actively taking away from the analgesic action of the opioid (morphine). In the article by Camilleri et al. (2014), a few contemporary and comparatively new intervention techniques are utilized that are not so frequently used in the clinical settings. Along with the common laxatives and -opioid receptor antagonist, this article discusses the efficiency of chloride channel activators and the Selective 5-HT4 agonist prucalopride(Camilleri, Becker, Webster, Davies, Mawe, 2014). First and foremost, the interventional management involving lubiprostone, a specific activator of intestinal CIC2 chloride channel can affectively increase the transport of fluids intestine countering the antisecretory effects of the opioids like morphine in the intestine. The prucalopride in turn accelerates colonic transit that in turn activates the contraction in the colon and facilitates the normal bowel movements. Although, it has to be mentioned that both the contemporary intervention techniques highlighted in the article are indirect mechanisms of intervention for OIC, and the re are no significant evidence of usage of this techniques in cancerous patients. The last article by Yokota et al. (2017), discusses the use of naldemedine in treating the opioid induced constipation in the cancer patients, which is another peripherally acting -opioid receptor antagonist. The authors carried out a randomized double- blind placebo-controlled study and the most notable outcome of the study had been that fact that the use of nalmedine conspicuously improved the bowel movement statistics in the patients when compared to the placebo sample population(Yokota, Katakami, Harada, Tada, Narabayashi, Boku, 2017). Although the article fails to reveal any detail regarding the mechanism of action, stability of the intervention program and the extent of side effects of the treatment. Although a brief mention of the Diarrhea occurring in the few patients had been discussed, there is no clear detailed data mentioned about the results of the study which subsequently decreases the reliability and external validity of the study. Although, the honest effort from the authors in evaluating the effect of nalmedine, a rather undiscovered -opioid receptor in research, should be appreciated. Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be stated that the constipation generated in the cancer patients due to extended use of opioid like morphine is the cause of the most of the discomfort and distress for the cancer patients. Along with that, the onset of constipation in the cancer patients can also lead to a number of other more complicated adversities further deteriorating the condition of the patient, if the constipation is not managed actively and effectively in the early stages. This literature review provided an assortment of a variety of different management or intervention techniques highlighted in the previously published literature. Although, there is no standardized or definite protocol for management of OIC in the patients that are on the extended morphine treatment for acute pain. Although the use of methylnaltrexone coupled with stimulant laxatives can be considered one of the most effective techniques for managing OIC in non-terminal patients. Hence, there is need for more ex tensive and outcome oriented research on this antagonist so that a standardized and safe intervention technique can be identified for the management of OIC in the all cancer patients, avoiding the probability of alteration of the analgesic effect of the opioid used. Bibliography Ahmedzai, S. H., Leppert, W., Janecki, M., Pakosz, A., Lomax, M., Duerr, H., et al. (2015). Long-term safety and efficacy of oxycodonenaloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic cancer pain. Supportive Care in Cancer , 823-830. Asna, N., Shemesh, N., Arbel, L., Yosef, R. B., Batash, R., Schaffer, M. (2017). Effect of the Sedative Combination of Ketamine, Morphine and Midazolam on the Quality-of-Life in the Final Days of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients. Archives of Medicine , 9(2). Camilleri, M. D., Becker, G., Webster, L. R., Davies, A. N., Mawe, G. M. (2014). Emerging treatments in neurogastroenterology: A multidisciplinary working group consensus statement on opioid?induced constipation. Neurogastroenterology Motility , 1386-1395. Candy, B., Jones, L., Larkin, P. J., Vickerstaff, V., Tookman, A., Stone, P. (2015). Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care. The Cochrane Library , 584-615. Chey, W. D., Webster, L., Sostek, M., Lappalainen, J., Barker, P. N., Tack, J. (2014). Naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation in patients with noncancer pain. New England Journal of Medicine , 2387-2396. Coyne, K. S., LoCasale, R. J., King, F. R., Margolis, M. K., Ahmedzai, S. H. (2016). Opioid-induced constipation among a convenience sample of Patients with cancer Pain. Frontiers in oncology , 6. Droney, J. M., Gretton, S. K., Sato, H., Ross, J. R., Branford, R., Welsh, K. I., et al. (2013). Analgesia and central side?effects: two separate dimensions of morphine response. British journal of clinical pharmacology , 1340-1350. Gonzalez, C. E., Halm, J. K. (2016). Constipation in cancer patients. Oncologic Emergency Medicine , pp. 327-332. Laugsand, E. A., Skorpen, F., Kaasa, S., Sabatowski, R., Strasser, F., Fayers, P., et al. (2015). Genetic and non-genetic factors associated with constipation in cancer patients receiving opioids. Clinical and translational gastroenterology , 6(6), e90. Mercadante, S., Masedu, F., Maltoni, M., Giovanni, D. D., Montanari, L., Pittureri, C., et al. (2017). The prevalence of constipation at admission and after 1 week of palliative care: a multi-center study. Current Medical Research and Opinion , 1-6. Mori, M., Ji, Y., Kumar, S., Ashikaga, T., Ades, S. (2017). Phase II trial of subcutaneous methylnaltrexone in the treatment of severe opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in cancer patients: an exploratory study. International journal of clinical oncology , 397-404. Nosek, K., Leppert, W., Nosek, H., Wordliczek, J., Onichimowski, D. (2017). A comparison of oral controlled-release morphine and oxycodone with transdermal formulations of buprenorphine and fentanyl in the treatment of severe pain in cancer patients. Drug Design, Development and Therapy , 2409. Oosten, A. W., Matic, M., van Schaik, R. H., Look, M. P., Jongen, J. L., Mathijssen, R. H., et al. (2016). Opioid treatment failure in cancer patients: the role of clinical and genetic factors. Pharmacogenomics , 1391-1403. Riley, J., Branford, R., Droney, J., Gretton, S., Sato, H., Kennett, A., et al. (2015). Morphine or oxycodone for cancer-related pain? A randomized, open-label, controlled trial. Journal of pain and symptom management , 161-172. Yokota, T., Katakami, N., Harada, T., Tada, Y., Narabayashi, M., Boku, N. (2017). O-9 Phase 3 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in cancer patients. 858-885. Zhu, H. D., Gong, Z., Hu, B. W., Wei, Q. L., Kong, J., Peng, C. B. (2017). The Efficacy and Safety of Transcutaneous Acupoint Interferential Current Stimulation for Cancer Pain Patients With Opioid-Induced Constipation: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Integrative Cancer Therapies , 934-1115.